Back when I was finishing high school, the TEE English subject required the demonstration of oral delivery capabilities of students. This was true oral delivery, not presentations with power point, although there is much overlap in the principles. Our teacher at the time gave us a handout that summarised these good principles. The handout was taken from a book, but the handout doesn’t have any indication as to the book it was taken from (it doesn’t even have page numbers!), and Google doesn’t pickup the text fragments. I tried to find another summary out that included such a good overview, but was surprised when I couldn’t. I’m sure if I altered my keywords and moved off the first couple of pages I could, but I type in excess of 100wpm when I want to, so it’s probably quicker to retype this. Here it is.

Manner of Speech

Our manner of delivery or the way we use speech may also affect how the message we send is received – it can either enhance the effectiveness of our speech or inhibit it. Our manner of speech is affected by the following:

• Tone, or the emotional message of our speech. This reflects our attitide to and feelings about the subject.
• Pitch, or the highness or lowness of speech sounds. he pitch of our voice affects its pleasnt appeal and therefore the listener’s willingness and ability to pay attention.
• Intonation, or pattern or variations of pitch in speech. By varying intonation patterns we give certain aspects of what we say greater importance over others.
• Pace, or the speed at which a person speaks. Well-paced speech is easy to listen to. By varying the pace we can control the degree of excitement we wish to communicate.
• Loudness, or volume of seech. By altering the volume of what we say we can manipulate the audience’s attention.
• Stress, or emphasis is given to syllables or words in a sentence. This helps our listener to sort out what is the most important idea or the most relevant evidence.
• Rhythm, or pattern of a group of stresses. Creating rhythm gives empasis to what is being said and helps the listener to remember what is said, especially if the rhythm is pleasant.
• Length, or time speech sounds last. If the length of speech sounds are well modified they are easy to listen to. By varying them we can affect the level of stress certain word and phrases carry and this can alter the over all meaning of what we have to say.
• Body language, or non-verbal language, such as facial expressions (e.g. smiling to show agreement; frowning to show disagreement), gesture (e.g. use of the hands to mock or question), posture (e.g. way of standing to show confidence; leaning forward to stress a point), eye contact (e.g. winking to convey approval). Non-verbal language helps to provide an emotional context for what we have to say so that the listener can interpret the emotional significance of our message.
• Word choice affects our manner of speech and often reflects our knowledge of our intended audience. We can alter the level of language or degree of formality by varying our vocabulary and choice of words. Words may be emotive if we wish to persuade, factual if we wish to inform or argue, imaginative and personal if we wish to create, technical if we wish to address an audience in a specialist field. Word choice is closely linked to a speaker’s purpose. Careful word choice will allow the speaker to convey their message as effectively as possible.
• Structure of sentences: Sentences affect the clarity and coherence of our ideas. The presentation of our ideas can be made more or less effective by our choice of sentence structure. Our depth of meaning, degree of detail and the emotional impact of what we have to say can be altered by changing the way words are arranged in a sentence.
• Sequencing of ideas: The order in which ideas are presented in our formal speech often reflects their importance to us. They may flow from the most to the least important or build up to a climax, usually with a closing summary at the end. If ideas are ordered logically they will create a succussful line of argument rather than merely state an opinion.

Making A Speech

Most people are afraid of public speaking. However, this fear and nervousness can be overcome by thorough preparation, taking control of the situation and by practice.

Preparation

First you need to be clear about the purpose of your speech. Most speeches aim to inform, persuade or entertain. Often speeches combine purposes.

Second, you need to know your audience. Ask yourself:

• Who are they?
• What are their backgrounds, abilities and education level?
• What do they know?
• What don’t they know?
• What do they want to know?
• What is their mood?
• What are their biases, prejudices and interests?
• How do they feel about an issue?

Third, think about the content of the speech. Ask yourself what it is you want to communicate. Collect as much detail as possible and other related material including pictures, anecdotes and examples. Consider the topic carefully and get your facts straight. Sequence your ideas logically, in a step-by-step or date / time order. Write your main points on cue cards with a brief summary of supporting details. It will help if you find a central theme for your speec.

Structure

Speeches usually follow the structure of an introduction, body and conclusion.

Introduction

• Address the audience appropriately.
• Give the audience a clear understanding of what you are going to talk about and why.
• Make your opening concise and arresting. This can be achieved by a question for the audience to think about, visual aids, impressive facts and statistics, a personal anecdote or story, or a joke.

Body

• Provide the audience with important factual material. Don’t be afraid to remind them of what they already know.
• State the main points and provide support from either evidence, a well-reasoned argument, or an appeal to authority such as a member of parliament or an expert in a related field (e.g. a leading genetics engineer if your speech is about an hereditary illness).
• Order your points in a way which will suit your audience’s knowledge and interests.
• Points must have a logical structure (e.g. organised from the least to the most important).
• Restate the points to ensure your autdience will remember them.
• Use brief notes as memory checks for your main points and supporting details. Summary notes are best written on cue cards and should only contain one point per card.

Conclusion

• Your conclusion must be memorable. Make it so by summarising the main points of your speech and finishing strongly by using a forceful tone of voice, a call for action, a quotation or an anecdote. For example, the conclusion of a successful persuassive speech should leave the audience with the blief that that is indeed the only conclusion which can be drawn.

Delivery

• Stand quietly before an audience and pause before starting your speech. This helps to create tension by letting them wait and anticipate what is going to happen. (Hint: Make sure you have checked the microphone before you begin to speak).
• Be aware of your body language. About 90 percent of your confidence in yourself and your task will be conveyed by non-verbal communication. Try to project an image of confidence, competence and enthusiasm. Use your eyes – the windows of your souls – to establish contact with your audience. Try to make each individual feel important and recognised. Use your hands to convey enthusiasm. If your are nervous, grip something.
• Speak directly and fluently. You should aim to sound energetic, enthusaistic, friendly, and sincere. Vary your voice to keep the audience’s interest: by dropping the volume you can force the audience to listen intently; by raising it you can renew their interest. Slow down to make a point: by varying your tone and pace you will help your audience distinguish between points. Use pauses for emphasis.
• Vary your standing position. Lean forward to be close to the audience. Assert your authority by standing up straight.
• Smile – it will help you an your audience feel comfortable.
• Give your speech emotional appeal by using emotive words which will engage the audience in a personal and positive way. This will enable you to communicate with your audience at both the feeling and thinking level.
• Use humour to lighten your speech and make it more entertaining.
• Enliven your speech with human interest details. By relating anecdotes based on personal experience you can make them real to the audience.
• Keep your speech short to avoid over-taxing the audience’s attention span and letting boredom set in.
• Rehearse your speech two or three times before you deliver it. Practise in front of friends or family using the video or tape recorder. Keep a close check on your timing. (While walking or jogging you could pactise creative visualisations of yourself successfully performing before your audience).
• Use your intuition if you want to do something spontaeous like telling a story or joke. If it feels right, do it.
• Before giving your speech anticipate any questions you may be asked. Always be polite to the person asking the question. If you do not have the detailed information that is requested (such as statistics), agree to provide it at a later date. Feedack is important to help you develop skills and confidence. Choose someone that you can trust to give you an honest appraisal. Don’t listen to feedback that is not constructive. If someone asks you to provide feedback praise the speaker in a few areas and then suggest one area that needs improvement.